Time course of neuropathologic changes in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced VCID.

Overall, induction of HHcy in both WT and APP/PS1 mice leads first to neuroinflammation, followed by astrocytic end foot disruption and cognitive decline, and finally, microhemorrhages, and redistribution of amyloid to the vasculature in the APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, this data suggests that neuroinflammation is an initiator in HHcy mediated VCID alone and when amyloid plaques are present, providing a possible common target for therapeutics in both VCID and co-morbid patients.