Investigating Simultaneity for Deep Learning?Enhanced Actual Ultra-Low-Dose Amyloid PET/MR Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diagnostic-quality amyloid PET images can be created with deep learning using actual ultra-low-dose PET images and simultaneous structural MR imaging. Here, we investigated whether simultaneity is required; if not, MR imaging?assisted ultra-low-dose PET imaging could be performed with separate PET/CT and MR imaging acquisitions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 48 participants: Thirty-two (20 women; mean, 67.7 [SD, 7.9] years) were used for pretraining; 328 (SD, 32) MBq of [F-18] florbetaben was injected. Sixteen participants (6 women; mean, 71.4 [SD. 8.7] years of age) were scanned in 2 sessions, with 6.5 (SD, 3.8) and 300 (SD, 14) MBq of [F-18] florbetaben injected, respectively. Structural MR imaging was acquired simultaneously with PET (90?110?minutes postinjection) on integrated PET/MR imaging in 2 sessions. Multiple U-Net?based deep networks were trained to create diagnostic PET images. For each method, training was done with the ultra-low-dose PET as input combined with MR imaging from either the ultra-low-dose session (simultaneous) or from the standard-dose PET session (nonsimultaneous). Image quality of the enhanced and ultra-low-dose PET images was evaluated using quantitative signal-processing methods, standardized uptake value ratio correlation, and clinical reads. RESULTS: Qualitatively, the enhanced images resembled the standard-dose image for both simultaneous and nonsimultaneous conditions. Three quantitative metrics showed significant improvement for all networks and no differences due to simultaneity. Standardized uptake value ratio correlation was high across different image types and network training methods, and 31/32 enhanced image pairs were read similarly. CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests that accurate amyloid PET images can be generated using enhanced ultra-low-dose PET and either nonsimultaneous or simultaneous MR imaging, broadening the utility of ultra-low-dose amyloid PET imaging.