NFATc1/alpha A and Blimp-1 Support the Follicular and Effector Phenotype of Tregs

CD4(+)CXCR5(+)Foxp3(+) T-follicular regulatory (T-FR) cells control the germinal center responses. Like T-follicular helper cells, they express high levels of Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells c1 , predominantly its short isoform NFATc1/alpha A. Ablation of NFATc1 in Tregs prevents upregulation of CXCR5 and migration of T-FR cells into B-cell follicles. By contrast, constitutive active NFATc1/alpha A defines the surface density of CXCR5, whose level determines how deep a T-FR migrates into the GC and how effectively it controls antibody production. As one type of effector Treg, T-FR cells express B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). Blimp-1 can directly repress Cxcr5 and NFATc1/alpha A is necessary to overcome this Blimp-1-mediated repression. Interestingly, Blimp-1 even reinforces the recruitment of NFATc1 to Cxcr5 by protein-protein interaction and by those means cooperates with NFATc1 for Cxcr5 transactivation. On the contrary, Blimp-1 is necessary to counterbalance NFATc1/alpha A and preserve the Treg identity. This is because although NFATc1/alpha A strengthens the follicular development of Tregs, it bears the inherent risk of causing an ex-Treg phenotype.