Genome sequencing identified a novel exonic microdeletion in the RUNX2 gene that causes cleidocranial dysplasia

Background and aims: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) represents a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by mutations that induce haploinsufficiency in RUNX2, the important transcription factor of osteoblasts related to bone/cartilage development and maintenance. Clavicular hypoplasia, which involves aberrant tooth/ craniofacial bone/skeletal formation, is a feature of classic CCD. RUNX2 mutations can be found in approximately 60-70% of patients with CCD, and around ~10% of these mutations are microdeletions. The present paper describes the radiological and clinical characteristics of a 5-year-old girl who showed representative CCD features, including extra teeth, aplasia of clavicles, sloping shoulders, marked calvarial hypomineralization, and osteoporosis. Materials and methods: We obtained genomic DNA of her family members and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for samples collected from the proband. Quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR) and specific PCR plus electrophoresis were then performed as validation assays for all participants. In vitro analysis was performed. Luciferase assay for Runx2 transcription activity and evaluation of mRNA levels of Runx2 downstream osteogenic markers were conducted. Results: WGS identified a 11.38-kb microdeletion in RUNX2 comprising 8-9 exons, which was validated by QFPCR and specific PCR plus electrophoresis. In vitro experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of this variation. Conclusion: The present study identified a 11.38-kb microdeletion in RUNX2 that causes CCD. The deletion in the PST domain of RUNX2 reduces its transcription activity and reduces osteogenic marker levels, eventually decreasing the differentiation of osteoblasts. These findings clarify the role of the CCD-related mechanism in the development of CCD and suggest that it is important to consider copy number variation for the suspected familial patients early.