DNA Methylation Levels of the TBX5 Gene Promoter Are Associated with Congenital Septal Defects in Mexican Paediatric Patients

Simple Summary One of the most important health problems in the paediatric population, due to its prevalence worldwide, is the occurrence of congenital heart defects. The integration of multidisciplinary approaches to clinical diagnosis will allow us to detect this type of problem in patients in a timely way. The TBX5 gene has an important participation in cardiogenesis. Therefore, we performed a case-control study, that involved the DNA methylation assessment of the TBX5 gene promoter region in patients that were non-syndromic with congenital septal defects, to identify an epigenetic marker. Moreover, we evaluated the exposure to environmental factors during pregnancy in mothers of these patients. Additionally, we used bioinformatic tools to identify transcription factors binding to the TBX5 gene region of interest and to learn their possible functional effect. These results could help to clarify the mechanisms that regulate these pathologies and establish risk markers, which can be used in future in clinical practice. The TBX5 gene regulates morphological changes during heart development, and it has been associated with epigenetic abnormalities observed in congenital heart defects (CHD). The aim of this research was to evaluate the association between DNA methylation levels of the TBX5 gene promoter and congenital septal defects. DNA methylation levels of six CpG sites in the TBX5 gene promoter were evaluated using pyrosequencing analysis in 35 patients with congenital septal defects and 48 controls. Average methylation levels were higher in individuals with congenital septal defects than in the controls (p < 0.004). In five CpG sites, we also found higher methylation levels in patients than in the controls (p < 0.05). High methylation levels were associated with congenital septal defects (OR = 3.91; 95% CI = 1.02-14.8; p = 0.045). The analysis of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) showed that the methylation levels of the TBX5 gene could be used as a risk marker for congenital septal defects (AUC = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.56-0.80; p = 0.004). Finally, an analysis of environmental factors indicated that maternal infections increased the risk (OR = 2.90; 95% CI = 1.01-8.33; p = 0.048) of congenital septal defects. Our data suggest that a high DNA methylation of the TBX5 gene could be associated with congenital septal defects.