Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a historical review of Parkinson’s disease, dopamine, and modern advancements in research and treatment

Over the past two decades, animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have helped to determine the plausible underlying mechanism of levo-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA)-induced dyskinesia following l -DOPA treatment. However, our understanding of the mechanisms related to this phenomenon remains incomplete. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of treatment protocols used for assessing the occurrence of l -DOPA-induced dyskinesia, l -DOPA absorption, distribution, drug/food interaction, and discuss current strategies and future directions. This review offers a historical perspective using l -DOPA in animal models of PD and the occurrence of l -DOPA-induced dyskinesia.