Electrophysiological and behavioral indicators of musical knowledge about unfamiliar music

Most listeners possess sophisticated knowledge about the music around them without being aware of it or its intricacies. Previous research shows that we develop such knowledge through exposure. This knowledge can then be assessed using behavioral and neurophysiological measures. It remains unknown however, which neurophysiological measures accompany the development of musical long-term knowledge. In this series of experiments, we first identified a potential ERP marker of musical long-term knowledge by comparing EEG activity following musically unexpected and expected tones within the context of known music ( n = 30). We then validated the marker by showing that it does not differentiate between such tones within the context of unknown music ( n = 34). In a third experiment, we exposed participants to unknown music ( n = 40) and compared EEG data before and after exposure to explore effects of time. Although listeners’ behavior indicated musical long-term knowledge, we did not find any effects of time on the ERP marker. Instead, the relationship between behavioral and EEG data suggests musical long-term knowledge may have formed before we could confirm its presence through behavioral measures. Listeners are thus not only knowledgeable about music but seem to also be incredibly fast music learners.