Biosensors for the Detection of Malaria Biomarkers in Clinical Samples

Biosensors and immunosensors have experienced unprecedented growth in recent years and seem to be the most promising sensing tools with several analytical benefits and cost efficiency [36,37]. This growth has been driven in part by the surge in demand for POC devices in clinical diagnosis where biological sensing is integrated with microelectronics to form portable analytical devices. To date, nearly sixty years after the first biosensor for glucose detection, the technology has been widespread in several fields of analyte detection [38]. Glucometers have evolved enormously, receiving vast commercial success [39] whereas biosensors for other diseases have been limited to experimental research. Among the types of sensors, electrochemical biosensors have received considerable interest in clinical diagnostics owing to key advantages in their design, assay simplicity, and superior analytical performance over conventional laboratory methods [40,41]. These qualities make them suitable for POC application amidst efforts to improve and miniaturize electrochemical systems for portable devices.