The distribution of beech leaf disease and the causal agents of beech bark disease (Cryptoccocus fagisuga, Neonectria faginata, N. ditissima) in forests surrounding Lake Erie and future implications

•To determine the effects of beech leaf disease (BLD) on forests, a plot network was established in the Great Lakes region of North America.•Beech leaf disease is replacing beech bark disease (BBD) as the primary pest of beech adjacent to Lake Erie.•Forest structure and composition changes are expected as BLD and BBD advance.•To conserve beech, research, breeding, and active management are imperative.