Supporting Information Gene flow at the leading range edge-the long-term consequences of isolation in European Beech ( Fagus sylvatica

Individual-based assignment methods were performed on the adult cohort using GENELAND 4.0.4 (Guillot et al., 2005) a spatially explicit Bayesian clustering model. Seedlings were excluded from cluster analysis as significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in six out of the 14 sites, as well as significant isolation-by-distance in seedlings (slope 0.026, p < 0.01) deviating from model assumptions for both clustering programs (STRUCTURE methods described below). Although isolation-by-distance was present, it was weaker in adults (slope 0.012, p < 0.05). Site GAR was removed from analysis as it was exclusively assigned to a cluster which displayed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium.