On-farm data-rich analysis explains yield and quantifies yield gaps of winter wheat in the U.S. central Great Plains

•Wheat yield (Ya) and management data were surveyed from 656 wheat fields.•Water-limited yield potential (Yw) was simulated for each field using crop models.•Ya ranged from 0.34 to 7.1 Mg ha−1 and yield gap (YG) averaged 44 %.•Clustering the data by crop zone accounted for regional-specific crop management.•Data-rich analysis highlighted many management × weather interactions impacting Ya.