Elucidating Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of the P1 and Sda Carbohydrate Histo-Blood Group Antigens

Human histo-blood groups are inherited polymorphic variants that occur in the molecular structures on the human red blood cell (RBC) surface. Introducing foreign RBCs into a recipient lacking an antigen may activate the humoral defence leading to a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Antigenic differences can also cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Blood group antigens are implicated as receptors in pathogen invasion and their expression are often altered in cancerous tissues. Blood group antigens are carried by protein or carbohydrate structures. Carbohydrate antigens are synthesized stepwise by glycosyltransferases and are carried on glycosphingolipids or glycoproteins anchored into the RBC membrane. The aim of this work was to elucidate the molecular genetic mechanisms behind the P1 and Sda antigens, as well as to study their glycan structures. The P1 antigen belongs to the P1PK blood group system. Silencing of A4GALT causes the null phenotype (Pk–, P1–) of this system. However, the consequence of the genetic differences between the P1 (Pk+, P1+) and P2 (Pk+, P1–) phenotypes, i.e. the molecular mechanism underlying how P1 antigen is expressed, has remained unknown. Additionally, there have been divided views regarding the molecular carriers of the P1 antigen, Galα1-4Galβ14GlcNAc-R. The Sda antigen GalNAcβ1-4(NeuAcα2-3)Gal-R was associated with the B4GALNT2 gene already in 2003. However, the genetic basis of the Sd(a–) phenotype was never revealed. Through EMSA experiments the Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) was identified to bind P1 alleles specifically, dependent on rs5751348 in A4GALT. Knock-down of RUNX1 decreased the A4GALT mRNA levels, establishing its effect as a P1/P2-discriminating factor. Based on these findings a genotyping assay was implemented at the Nordic Reference Laboratory for Genomic Blood Group Typing in Lund, Sweden. P1 was also established to be carried on glycoproteins in N-glycan conjugates, in addition to glycosphingolipids. Sequencing of B4GALNT2 in nine Sd(a–) individuals identified the missense mutation rs7224888 as highly associated with the phenotype. Additionally, the splice-site polymorphism rs72835417, and the rare missense variants rs148441237 and rs61743617 were encountered in the Sd(a–) cohort. In silico studies identified a close correlation between expression of B4GALNT2 and the cancer-associated lncRNA RP11-708H21.4 locus, located directly downstream of the gene. Finally, the Sd(a–) associated SNP rs7224888 was shown to abolish Sda synthase activity in over-expression experiments. The epitope was evaluated with DBA lectin binding, fluorescence microscopy, enzyme immunoblots and mass spectrometry. The latter confirmed that the glycotransferase utilizes substrates on both on Nand O-glycan elongation. Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the P1 antigen as well as defining the genetic background of the Sd(a–) phenotype has enabled genotyping approaches for clinical practice. Additionally, the confirmation of B4GALNT2 expressing the Sda synthase, has allowed the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) to move the Sda antigen from the series of high-frequency antigens to its own, new blood group system designated SID, no. 038.