Creating and controlling visual environments 1 using

3 Gonçalo Lopes, Karolina Farrell, Edward A. B. Horrocks, Chi-Yu Lee, Mai M. Morimoto, 4 Tomaso Muzzu, Amalia Papanikolaou, Fabio R. Rodrigues, Thomas Wheatcroft, Stefano 5 Zucca, Samuel G. Solomon*, Aman B. Saleem* 6 7 NeuroGEARS Ltd., London; UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, 8 University College London, London, WC1H 0AP. 9 These authors are listed alphabetically. 10 *These authors jointly supervised this work. 11 Lead Contact: Aman B Saleem (aman.saleem@ucl.ac.uk) 12 13 Real-time rendering of closed-loop visual environments is important for next-generation 14 understanding of brain function and behaviour, but is often prohibitively difficult for non-experts 15 to implement and is limited to few laboratories worldwide. We developed BonVision as an easy-to16 use open-source software for the display of virtual or augmented reality, as well as standard visual 17 stimuli. BonVision has been tested on humans and mice, and is capable of supporting new 18 experimental designs in other animal models of vision. As the architecture is based on the open19 source Bonsai graphical programming language, BonVision benefits from native integration with 20 experimental hardware. BonVision therefore enables easy implementation of closed-loop 21 experiments, including real-time interaction with deep neural networks, and communication with 22 behavioural and physiological measurement and manipulation devices. 23