The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around 10^17 eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
P. Abreu,M. Aglietta,J. M. Albury,I. Allekotte,A. Almela,J. Alvarez-Muñiz,R. Alves Batista,G. A. Anastasi,L. Anchordoqui,B. Andrada,S. Andringa,C. Aramo,P. R. Araújo Ferreira,J. C. Arteaga Velázquez,H. Asorey,P. Assis,G. Avila,A. M. Badescu,A. Bakalova,A. Balaceanu,F. Barbato,R. J. Barreira Luz,K. H. Becker,J. A. Bellido,C. Berat,M. E. Bertaina,X. Bertou,P. L. Biermann,P. Billoir,V. Binet,K. Bismark,T. Bister,J. Biteau,J. Blazek,C. Bleve,M. Boháčová,D. Boncioli,C. Bonifazi,L. Bonneau Arbeletche,N. Borodai,A. M. Botti,J. Brack,T. Bretz,P. G. Brichetto Orchera,F. L. Briechle,P. Buchholz,A. Bueno,S. Buitink,M. Buscemi,M. Büsken,K. S. Caballero-Mora,L. Caccianiga,F. Canfora,I. Caracas,J. M. Carceller,R. Caruso,A. Castellina,F. Catalani,G. Cataldi,L. Cazon,M. Cerda,J. A. Chinellato,J. Chudoba,L. Chytka,R. W. Clay,A. C. Cobos Cerutti,R. Colalillo,A. Coleman,M. R. Coluccia,R. Conceição,A. Condorelli,G. Consolati,F. Contreras,F. Convenga,D. Correia dos Santos,C. E. Covault,S. Dasso,K. Daumiller,B. R. Dawson,J. A. Day,R. M. de Almeida,J. de Jesús,S. J. de Jong,G. De Mauro,J. R. T. de Mello Neto,I. De Mitri,J. de Oliveira,D. de Oliveira Franco,F. de Palma,V. de Souza,E. De Vito,M. del Río,O. Deligny,A. Di Matteo,C. Dobrigkeit,J. C. D’Olivo,L. M. Domingues Mendes,R. C. dos Anjos,D. dos Santos,M. T. Dova,J. Ebr,R. Engel,I. Epicoco,M. Erdmann,C. O. Escobar,A. Etchegoyen,H. Falcke,J. Farmer,G. Farrar,A. C. Fauth,N. Fazzini,F. Feldbusch,F. Fenu,B. Fick,J. M. Figueira,A. Filipčič,T. Fitoussi,T. Fodran,M. M. Freire,T. Fujii,A. Fuster,C. Galea,C. Galelli,B. García,A. L. Garcia Vegas,H. Gemmeke,F. Gesualdi,A. Gherghel-Lascu,P. L. Ghia,U. Giaccari,M. Giammarchi,J. Glombitza,F. Gobbi,F. Gollan,G. Golup,M. Gómez Berisso,P. F. Gómez Vitale,J. P. Gongora,J. M. González,N. González,I. Goos,D. Góra,A. Gorgi,M. Gottowik,T. D. Grubb,F. Guarino,G. P. Guedes,E. Guido,S. Hahn,P. Hamal,M. R. Hampel,P. Hansen,D. Harari,V. M. Harvey,A. Haungs,T. Hebbeker,D. Heck,G. C. Hill,C. Hojvat,J. R. Hörandel,P. Horvath,M. Hrabovský,T. Huege,A. Insolia,P. G. Isar,P. Janecek,J. A. Johnsen,J. Jurysek,A. Kääpä,K. H. Kampert,N. Karastathis,B. Keilhauer,J. Kemp,A. Khakurdikar,V. V. Kizakke Covilakam,H. O. Klages,M. Kleifges,J. Kleinfeller,M. Köpke,N. Kunka,B. L. Lago,R. G. Lang,N. Langner,M. A. Leigui de Oliveira,V. Lenok,A. Letessier-Selvon,I. Lhenry-Yvon,D. Lo Presti,L. Lopes,R. López,L. Lu,Q. Luce,J. P. Lundquist,A. Machado Payeras,G. Mancarella,D. Mandat,B. C. Manning,J. Manshanden,P. Mantsch,S. Marafico,A. G. Mariazzi,I. C. Mariş,G. Marsella,D. Martello,S. Martinelli,H. Martinez,O. Martínez Bravo,M. Mastrodicasa,H. J. Mathes,J. Matthews,G. Matthiae,E. Mayotte,P. O. Mazur,G. Medina-Tanco,D. Melo,A. Menshikov,K.-D. Merenda,S. Michal,M. I. Micheletti,L. Miramonti,D. Mockler,S. Mollerach,F. Montanet,C. Morello,M. Mostafá,A. L. Müller,M. A. Muller,K. Mulrey,R. Mussa,M. Muzio,W. M. Namasaka,A. Nasr-Esfahani,L. Nellen,M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu,M. Niechciol,D. Nitz,D. Nosek,V. Novotny,L. Nožka,A. Nucita,L. A. Núñez,M. Palatka,J. Pallotta,P. Papenbreer,G. Parente,A. Parra,J. Pawlowsky,M. Pech,F. Pedreira,J. Pȩkala,R. Pelayo,J. Peña-Rodriguez,E. E. Pereira Martins,J. Perez Armand,C. Pérez Bertolli,M. Perlin,L. Perrone,S. Petrera,T. Pierog,M. Pimenta,V. Pirronello,M. Platino,B. Pont,M. Pothast,P. Privitera,M. Prouza,A. Puyleart,S. Querchfeld,J. Rautenberg,D. Ravignani,M. Reininghaus,J. Ridky,F. Riehn,M. Risse,V. Rizi,W. Rodrigues de Carvalho,J. Rodriguez Rojo,M. J. Roncoroni,M. Roth,E. Roulet,A. C. Rovero,P. Ruehl,S. J. Saffi,A. Saftoiu,F. Salamida,H. Salazar,G. Salina,J. D. Sanabria Gomez,F. Sánchez,E. M. Santos,E. Santos,F. Sarazin,R. Sarmento,C. Sarmiento-Cano,R. Sato,P. Savina,C. M. Schäfer,V. Scherini,H. Schieler,M. Schimassek,M. Schimp,F. Schlüter,D. Schmidt,O. Scholten,P. Schovánek,F. G. Schröder,S. Schröder,J. Schulte,A. Schulz,S. J. Sciutto,M. Scornavacche,A. Segreto,S. Sehgal,R. C. Shellard,G. Sigl,G. Silli,O. Sima,R. Šmída,P. Sommers,J. F. Soriano,J. Souchard,R. Squartini,M. Stadelmaier,D. Stanca,S. Stanič,J. Stasielak,P. Stassi,A. Streich,M. Suárez-Durán,T. Sudholz,T. Suomijärvi,A. D. Supanitsky,Z. Szadkowski,A. Tapia,C. Taricco,C. Timmermans,O. Tkachenko,P. Tobiska,C. J. Todero Peixoto,B. Tomé,Z. Torrès,A. Travaini,P. Travnicek,C. Trimarelli,M. Tueros,R. Ulrich,M. Unger,L. Vaclavek,M. Vacula,J. F. Valdés Galicia,L. Valore,E. Varela,A. Vásquez-Ramírez,D. Veberič,C. Ventura,I. D. Vergara Quispe,V. Verzi,J. Vicha,J. Vink,S. Vorobiov,H. Wahlberg,C. Watanabe,A. A. Watson,M. Weber,A. Weindl,L. Wiencke,H. Wilczyński,M. Wirtz,D. Wittkowski,B. Wundheiler,A. Yushkov,O. Zapparrata,E. Zas,D. Zavrtanik,M. Zavrtanik,L. Zehrer
arXiv (Cornell University)（2021）
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摘要
We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100 PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750 m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called second-knee feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500 m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.
