The Effects of Physical Activity on Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Scoping Review

Simple Summary Cancer treatments can cause adverse effects such as cancer-related fatigue. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a relatively new therapy for some cancers and have shown great promise in helping people. Physical activity has been shown to aid many cancer patients to overcome adverse effects in traditional chemotherapy, but along with ICIs, it hasn't been fully examined. This study was carried out to describe where the current research is now and to find knowledge gaps to help shape future research with ICIs, physical activity, and cancer outcomes. Background: Cancer therapies are associated with multiple adverse effects, including (but not limited to) cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Fatigue is one of the most common side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), occurring in up to 25% of patients. Physical activity has been shown to help reduce CRF through modulating the immune system, and may synergistically aid in the anti-tumor effects of ICIs. This review describes the nature and scope of evidence for the effects associated with concurrent physical activity while undergoing ICI therapy. Method: Scoping review methodology was utilized to identify studies, extract data, and collate and summarize results. Results: In literature published from January 2010 through to August 2021, only one human study and three pre-clinical studies met inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Existing evidence supports that physical activity is associated with decreased treatment-related toxicities such as CRF. However, further investigation is warranted. The dearth of clinical studies illustrates the need for more research to address this question, to guide patients and their providers in the application of appropriate physical activity interventions in those patients undergoing ICI.