WebPGA: An Educational Technology That Supports Learning by Reviewing Paper-Based Programming Assessments.

Providing feedback to students is one of the most effective ways to enhance their learning. With the advancement of technology, many tools have been developed to provide personalized feedback. However, these systems are only beneficial when interactions are done on digital platforms. As paper-based assessment is still a dominantly preferred evaluation method, particularly in large blended-instruction classes, the sole use of electronic educational systems presents a gap between how students learn the subject from the physical and digital world. This has motivated the design and the development of a new educational technology that facilitates the digitization, grading, and distribution of paper-based assessments to support blended-instruction classes. With the aid of this technology, different learning analytics can be readily captured. A retrospective analysis was conducted to understand the students' behaviors in an Object-Oriented Programming and Data Structures class from a public university. Their behavioral differences and the associated learning impacts were analyzed by leveraging their digital footprints. Results showed that students made significant efforts in reviewing their examinations. Notably, the high-achieving and the improving students spent more time reviewing their mistakes and started doing so as soon as the assessment became available. Finally, when students were guided in the reviewing process, they were able to identify items where they had misconceptions.