A Pilot Study of Seamless Regeneration of Bone and Cartilage in Knee Joint Regeneration Using Honeycomb TCP

The knee joint is a continuous structure of bone and cartilage tissue, making it difficult to regenerate using artificial biomaterials. In a previous study, we succeeded in developing honeycomb tricalcium phosphate (TCP), which has through-and-through holes and is able to provide the optimum microenvironment for hard tissue regeneration. We demonstrated that TCP with 300 mu m pore diameters (300TCP) induced vigorous bone formation, and that TCP with 75 mu m pore diameters (75TCP) induced cartilage formation. In the present study, we regenerated a knee joint defect using honeycomb TCP. 75TCP and 300TCP were loaded with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta alone or bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2+TGF-beta with or without Matrigel and transplanted into knee joint defect model rabbits. 75TCP showed no bone or cartilage tissue formation in any of the groups with TGF-beta alone and BMP-2+TGF-beta with/without Matrigel. However, for 300TCP and BMP-2+TGF-beta with or without Matrigel, vigorous bone tissue formation was observed in the TCP holes, and cartilage tissue formation in the TCP surface layer was continuous with the existing cartilage. The cartilage area in the TCP surface was larger in the group without Matrigel (with BMP-2+TGF-beta) than in the group with Matrigel (with BMP-2+TGF-beta). Therefore, honeycomb TCP can induce the seamless regeneration of bone and cartilage in a knee joint.