Food insecurity, housing instability, and dietary quality among children with sickle cell disease: Assessment from a single urban center

Background Food insecurity and housing instability, both social determinants of health (SDoH), disproportionately affect economically unstable, under-resourced US communities in which children with sickle cell disease (SCD) live. Association between these SDoH markers and dietary quality among children with SCD is unknown. Procedures We assessed a cross-sectional sample of dyadic parent-child patients and young adult patients up to age 21 from one pediatric SCD center. Food insecurity, housing instability, and dietary quality were measured using validated US instruments and a food frequency questionnaire. Better dietary quality was defined using US dietary guidelines. Multivariate regression assessed for associations among dietary quality and food insecurity with or without (+/-) housing instability and housing instability alone. Results Of 100 enrolled participants, 53% were Black and 43% Hispanic; mean age 10.6 +/- 5.6 years. Overall, 70% reported less than or equal to one economic instability: 40% housing instability alone and 30% both food insecurity and housing instability. Eighty percent received more than or equal to one federal food assistance benefit. Compared to no economic instability, food insecurity +/- housing instability was significantly associated with higher intake of higher dairy and pizza, while housing instability alone was significantly associated with higher dairy intake. Food insecurity +/- housing instability was significantly associated with lower intake of whole grains compared to housing instability alone. Conclusions Our sample reported high frequencies of both food insecurity and housing instability; having more than or equal to one SDoH was associated with elements of poorer diet quality. Screening families of children with SCD for food insecurity and housing instability may identify those with potential nutrition-related social needs.