Centralized and Distributed Algorithms for Energy and Spectrum Efficient User Association in Small Cell Networks

Macro base stations are overlaid by small cells to satisfy the demands of user equipment in heterogeneous networks. To provide wide coverage, some small cells are not directly connected to macro base stations and thus backhaul connections are required to connect small cells to macro base stations. Millimeter wave backhauls which have high bandwidths are preferred for small cell backhaul communicat...