Effects of Pluronic P123 addition and Cr 3+ doping on electrochemical properties of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode for lithium ion batteries

Spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is an attractive anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its stable electrochemical characteristics. However, its low electrical conductivity is regarded as a critical disadvantage for commercialization. The addition of P123 with Cr 3+ doping enhanced the surface area and the electrical conductivity, which improved the electrochemical properties of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 . As-prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, as well as BET and BJH analysis. Electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, powder conductivity measurement and cycle performance testing. P-Li 4 Ti 4.95 Cr 0.05 O 12 showed excellent rate performance of 191, 189, 184, 175, 157, and 137mAh/g at C-rates of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 and high stable capacity retention of 147 mAh/g at a C-rate of 10 after 300 cycles.