Traditional belief systems and trade in vulture parts are leading to the eradication of vultures in Nigeria: an ethno-ornithological study of north-central Nigeria

The population of various species of vultures are declining rapidly across Africa, with noticeable declines in most areas including protected areas. This sudden decline of vultures in African countries, especially Nigeria, is quite alarming. One of the most common species of vultures, the Hooded Vulture, is now rarely encountered. This study was carried out to determine the role of traditional belief systems and trade in vulture parts on the rapid decline in vulture populations in Nigeria. The study was conducted in Plateau State in the North-Central region in Nigeria. Ethno-ornithological data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires; supported by interviews and field observations. A stratified-random sampling technique was employed for the data collection, which was conducted within 34 districts at 68 points where vultures were observed. The 204 respondents were all selected by chance encounter across the survey sites to determine their perceptions about vultures. The key finding of this research revealed massive trade in vulture parts for belief-base use, which might be responsible for the decline of vulture populations in the area. There is evidence of the consumption of vulture meat according to some of the respondents. Stiff competition with vultures for food by human and dogs was found to be another contributory factor towards vulture population decline within the study area. Many people believe that vultures are evil; hence, they are often persecuted on sight. There is an urgent need to create awareness about the importance of vultures in our environment. It is also vital to review laws on endangered species and implement them with the support of law enforcement agencies. Public awareness and sensitization of people using mass and social media campaigns should be conducted regularly on the importance of vultures and how to co-exist with them. Vulture restaurants or artificial feeding points should be created to aid population recovery.