In Vivo CW-EPR Spectrometer Systems for Dosimetry and Oximetry in Preclinical and Clinical Applications

EPR spectrometers (and various sub-systems) have been designed and constructed to facilitate in vivo measurements with human subjects for dosimetry and oximetry. Most applications are primarily focused on surface tissue measurements; however, oximetric measurements utilizing implantable devices are also discussed. Given various specifications and considerations across these two primary applications, several embodiments and configurations of the associated sub-systems to the spectrometer have been realized and implemented. These embodiments and configurations have been developed and tested with a focus on the end-use and the end-users. This includes acknowledgement of the challenges and needs for making measurements in unanesthetized human patients, the nature of the data that are most likely to be useful for clinical decision-making, and the person who will be making the actual measurements. Significant developments in spectrometer automation and features to ensure the quality of recorded data are featured.