The Regional Model-Based Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System, Meps, At The Japan Meteorological Agency

The regional model-based Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS) has been operational since June 2019 at the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The primary objective of the newly operational MEPS is to provide uncertainty information for JMA's operational regional model, Mesoscale Model (MSM), which provides information to support disaster prevention and aviation safety. This article describes MEPS in detail and discusses issues to be addressed in the future. For effective evaluation of uncertainties in MSM, the forecast model in MEPS is configured in the same way as that in MSM, except for the initial and lateral boundary conditions. Initial perturbations for all 20 ensemble runs are generated by a linear combination of singular vectors (SVs) with three different spatial and temporal resolutions, with the aim of capturing multi-scale uncertainties in the initial conditions simultaneously. The SVs from a global model are also used as lateral boundary perturbations to ensure consistency between the initial and boundary conditions of each ensemble member. The verification results showed that MEPS achieved the expected performance of an ensemble prediction system: the ensemble mean outperformed the control forecast with a good spread-skill relationship; moreover, the skill scores of probabilistic precipitation forecasts were evaluated as valid for rainfall of up to 30 mm center dot(3 hr)(-1). In an additional experiment conducted without using the two smaller-scale initial perturbations, the skill was substantially reduced compared with that of the original MEPS, especially for larger precipitation thresholds. Therefore, the smaller-scale perturbations were essential to capture uncertainties associated with local heavy rainfall events.