Space-Charge breakdown phenomenon and spatio-temporal ion concentration and fluid flow patterns in overlimiting current electrodialysis

Overlimiting current regimes are of practical interest for electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) operating at current densities significantly higher than the limiting current density. Such high ion currents across the membranes allows reducing the investments into expensive IEMs and stacks. Electroconvection (EC) is the major contributor to the overlimiting current and concepts to utilize EC are highly desired. Most of the known theoretical works describing EC in electrodialysis channels are performed when only a single cation exchange membrane is considered. The presence of a neighboring anion-exchange membrane has not been considered so far.