ZIP and equivalent thermostatic loads impacts on energy savings of conservation voltage reduction

Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) plays an important role in energy savings. Loads can be modeled as static ZIP coefficients or as equivalent thermostatic loads (ETLs) for CVR peak demand and energy savings calculations. In this paper, simulations of a benchmark 69-bus distribution system show that ETLs can better capture end-use loads power and energy changes as ambient temperature varies. The analysis of results demonstrates that customer loads modeled as ETLs are more accurate than loads modeled as ZIP coefficients in the calculation of energy savings and peak demand of CVR.