γ-valerolactone from levulinic acid and its esters: Substrate and reaction media determine the optimal catalyst

APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL(2021)

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摘要
•High yields (>97 %) to γ-valerolactone can be obtained from levulinic acid and its esters.•The substrate and reaction media determine the optimal catalyst.•Ni-catalysts better than Ru-catalysts in 2-propanol.•Ru-catalysts better than Ni-catalysts using water and hydrogen.
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关键词
gamma-valerolactone, Levulinic acid, Methyl levulinate, Ethyl levulinate, Nickel, Ruthenium, Sepiolite, Alumina
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