Transfer from soil to grass and statistical analysis of naturally occurring radionuclides in soil from phosphate mining and processing sites in Maritime Region of Togo

Natural radionuclides activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K in soil and grass samples, statistical analysis of these radionuclides, and transfer factors (TFs) from soil to the grass were carried out from phosphate mining and processing sites in southern areas of Togo using gamma-ray spectrometry-based high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The average activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K were found within the range usually measured worldwide. Statistical analysis was done by investigating the skewness, the kurtosis, and the density distribution of radionuclides in the study areas. Both skewness and kurtosis displayed that the activity concentrations of soil and grass samples in the discharge waste site (Kpémé) and mining site (Hahotoé) exhibited slightly positively skewed, negatively skewed, leptokurtic, and platykurtic distributions. The TFs for 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K from discharge waste soil to grass were evaluated. The average transfer factors of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, and 40 K in the phosphate processing area were found to be 0.16, 0.32, and 8.42, respectively. 226 Ra and 228 Ra TFs values were found to be within the limit of worldwide measure values, while that of 40 K was found to be larger than the values measured in other countries. The average TF value of 8.42 for 40 K was eight times higher than the average value of unity, showing its large intake by vegetables. The high TFs for 40 K could be explained by the extensive application of phosphate fertilizers to soils when growing vegetables.