Asynchronous Effects

We explore asynchronous programming with algebraic effects. We complement their conventional synchronous treatment by showing how to naturally also accommodate asynchrony within them, namely, by decoupling the execution of operation calls into signalling that an operation's implementation needs to be executed, and interrupting a running computation with the operation's result, to which the computation can react by installing interrupt handlers. We formalise these ideas in a small core calculus, called lambda(ae). We demonstrate the flexibility of lambda(ae) using examples ranging from a multi-party web application, to preemptive multi-threading, to remote function calls, to a parallel variant of runners of algebraic effects. In addition, the paper is accompanied by a formalisation of lambda(as)'s type safety proofs in Agda, and a prototype implementation of lambda(ae) in OCaml.