Cross-conjugated polymers as fluorescent probes for intracellular potassium ion detection

The abnormal changes of intracellular potassium ion (K+) concentration are usually associated with various diseases, therefore, real-time monitoring of intracellular K+ dynamic balance is crucial for disease research. Herein, we present a design strategy based on conjugated polymers (CPs) as potassium ion fluorescence probes. Six novel CP-based K+ sensors (P1, P2, P3, PP1, PP2 and PP3) were synthesized. These probes have different conjugated length backbones composing of stilbenzene, fluorene, thiophene, and/or benzothiadiazole units and different numbers of K+ selective ligands of triazacryptand (TAC), so as to study their spectral characteristics and response to K+. Among them, PP3 exhibits exceptional responsiveness and selectivity to K+. With a longer conjugated backbone, it shows a longer emission at 628 nm compared to other probes. Especially, the fluorescence intensities of PP3 showed a linear relationship with the concentrations of K+ in the range of 0-250 mM. PP3 has been successfully applied to detect the dynamic equilibrium of potassium ion concentration in living cells. This study proposes and validates the feasibility of the CP-based K+ fluorescence probe design strategy and expands the range of K+ probes, providing a new tool for understanding disease pathogenesis.