Revolutionizing Causal Circuitry Neurostimulation Utilizing The Optogenetic Technique Through Advanced Microsystems Development

Optogenetics has recently emerged to become one of the most significant tools for in vivo causal analysis of neural networks. Developed through decades of pioneering work, the optogenetic toolbox has expanded utility to allow virtually total control over cellular actions. This article explores the emerging technologies that have been incorporated into making optogenetics a versatile technique in neuroscience research. Genetically engineered opsins continually evolve to directly activate or inhibit neuronal transmission with greater precision and functionality. A variety of light sources and fiber coupling methods employ unique photoactivation patterns and shapes. This article further explores the novel devices and systems that have been developed for the research setting and the technologies each system incorporates. These tethered systems, portable devices, and implantable microdevices have inherent benefits and detriments that are also discussed. Finally, emerging translational properties of optogenetics, particularly that for retinal pigmentosa, demonstrate how optogenetics may one day precipitate out of the research setting and into our healthcare practice.