SARS-CoV-2 triggered excessive inflammation and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota

Specific roles of gut microbes in COVID-19 progression are critical. However, the circumstantial mechanism remains elusive. In this study, shotgun metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequencing were performed on fecal samples collected from 13 COVID-19 patients and controls. We analyzed the structure of gut microbiota, identified the characteristic bacteria and selected biomarkers. Further, GO, KEGG and eggNOG annotation were employed to correlate the taxon alteration and corresponding functions. The gut microbiota of COVID-19 patients was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of commensals. The abundance of Bacteroides spp. displayed an inverse relationship to COVID-19 severity, whereas Actinomyces oris , Escherichia coli , and Gemmiger formicilis were positively correlated with disease severity. The genes encoding oxidoreductase were significantly enriched in SARS-CoV-2 infection. KEGG annotation indicated that the expression of ABC transporter was up regulated, while the synthesis pathway of butyrate was aberrantly reduced. Furthermore, increased metabolism of lipopolysaccharide, polyketide sugar, sphingolipids and neutral amino acids was found. These results suggested the gut microbiome of COVID-19 patients was correlated with disease severity and in a state of excessive inflammatory response. Healthy gut microbiota may enhance antiviral defenses via butyrate metabolism, whereas the accumulation of opportunistic and inflammatory bacteria may exacerbate the disease progression. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * COVID-19 : Coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 APTT : Activated partial thromboplastin time PT : Prothrombin time AST : Aspartate aminotransferase ALT : Alanine aminotransferase CK : Creatine kinase LDH : Lactate dehydrogenase α-HBDH : α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase CRP : C-reactive protein PCT : Procalcitonin.