Evidence for microbiome-dependent chilling tolerance in sorghum

Early season chilling stress is a major constraint on sorghum production in temperate climates. Chilling-tolerant sorghum is an active area of development, but the potential for early season microbial-enhanced chilling tolerance in sorghum has not yet been explored. In this study, we characterized traits of field-grown sorghum accessions in response to chilling and non-chilling temperatures and the corresponding cohorts of phyllosphere fungal and bacterial taxa. Further, we characterized the effects of chilling temperatures and microbial inoculation on sorghum accession traits in a growth chamber experiment. By comparing sorghum trait responses under chilling stress with and without soil microbial inoculation, we were able to detect a potential microbe-dependent sorghum response to chilling stress. Four sorghum genotypes showed a negative response to chilling stress with vs. without microbial inoculation, while five sorghum accessions show increased shoot biomass or leaf area under chilling stress when inoculated with a soil microbiome. These differential responses provides opportunities to exploit beneficial microbial taxa for enhancing early-stage chilling tolerance in sorghum, with a potential to be extended to other crops. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.