A process-based model reveals the restoration gap of degraded grasslands in Inner Mongolian steppe

Due to the influence of climate change and extensive grazing, a large proportion of steppe grassland has been degraded worldwide. The Chinese government initiated a series of grassland restoration programs to reverse the degradation. However, the limiting factors and the restoration potential remain unknown. Here we present a process-based model to assess the restoration gap (RG) defined as maximum biomass differences between non-degraded and degraded grasslands with different degrees of soil and vegetation degradation. The process-based model Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was evaluated utilizing observation data from both typical and meadow steppes under natural conditions in terms of phenology, dynamics of aboveground biomass and soil water content Scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis were subsequently performed to address the RG and controlling factors during 1969-2018. The results showed that the calibrated model performed well with r > 0.75 and model efficiency factor EF > 0.5 for all the simulation components. According to our model results, the RG was larger in typical steppe compared to that of meadow steppe and it increased with increasing soil and/or vegetation degradation, to similar to 60% under extremely degraded scenarios. Both soil and vegetation degradation led to reduced water use efficiency, with an elevated proportion of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration (Es/ET), however, the limiting factor for RG varied. The degradation of soil water holding capacity contributed more to RG regardless of climate conditions for typical steppe in all years and for meadow steppe in dry years. In wet years the importance of vegetation coverage reduction increased for RG in meadow steppe, where the relative importance of vegetation coverage (valued at 62.8%) was 25.6% higher than that of soil degradation. Our results demonstrated the importance of considering climate variations when developing protection and restoration programs for grassland ecosystems. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.