One deep learning local-global model based on CT imaging to differentiate between nodular cryptococcosis and lung cancer which are hard to be diagnosed.

OBJECTIVES:We aim to evaluate a deep learning (DL) model and radiomic model for preoperative differentiation of nodular cryptococcosis from solitary lung cancer in patients with malignant features on CT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We retrospectively recruited 319 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules and suspicious signs of malignancy from three hospitals. All lung nodules were resected, and one by one radiologic-pathologic correlation was performed. A three-dimensional DL model was used for tumor segmentation and extraction of three-dimensional radiomic features. We used the Max-Relevance and Min-Redundancy algorithm and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm to select the nodular radiomics features. We proposed a DL local-global model, a DL local model and radiomic model to preoperatively differentiate nodular cryptococcosis from solitary lung cancer. The DL local-global model includes information of both nodules and the whole lung, while the DL local model only includes information of solitary lung nodules. Five-fold cross-validation was used to select and validate these models. The prediction performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calibration curve. A new loss function was applied in our deep learning framework to optimize the area under the ROC curve (AUC) directly. RESULTS:295 patients were enrolled and they were non-symptomatic, with negative tumor markers and fungus markers in blood tests. These patients have not been diagnosed by the combination of CT imaging, laboratory results and clinical data. The lung volume was slightly larger in patients with lung cancers than that in patients with cryptococcosis (3552.8 ± 1184.6 ml vs 3491.9 ± 1017.8 ml). The DL local-global model achieved the best performance in differentiating between nodular cryptococcosis and lung cancer (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88), which was higher than that of the DL local model (AUC = 0.84) and radiomic (AUC = 0.79) model. CONCLUSION:The DL local-global model is a non-invasive diagnostic tool to differentiate between nodular cryptococcosis and lung cancer nodules which are hard to be diagnosed by the combination of CT imaging, laboratory results and clinical data, and overtreatment may be avoided.