Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation on Parkinson's Disease.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation tool for deep brain stimulation. Here, we investigated the impact of LIPUS, including neuroprotective effects, on the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) in an animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at two sites in the right striatum. LIPUS (1 MHz, 5% duty cycle, 1-Hz pulse repetition frequency, 15 min/d) stimulation was then applied to some of the rats (the 6-OHDA + LIPUS group) beginning 2 wk after the 6-OHDA administration, while the remaining rats (the 6-OHDA group) received no LIPUS stimulation. The 6-OHDA-induced inflammatory responses and expressions of neurotrophic factors were quantified with immunofluorescence activity. The safety of LIPUS was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining. LIPUS treatment significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced glial activation and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p65 in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Further study revealed that LIPUS effectively preserved the levels of neurotrophic factors, dopamine transporter and tight junction proteins of the blood-brain barrier in the 6-OHDA + LIPUS group compared with the 6-OHDA group. These results indicate that LIPUS acts via multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in the PD rat model and suggest that LIPUS can be viewed as a potential treatment for PD.