Identification of stem cell-related subtypes and risk scoring for gastric cancer based on stem genomic profiling

Background Although numerous studies demonstrate the role of cancer stem cells in occurrence, recurrence, and distant metastases in gastric cancer (GC), little is known about the evolving genetic and epigenetic changes in the stem and progenitor cells. The purpose of this study was to identify the stem cell subtypes in GC and examine their clinical relevance. Methods Two publicly available datasets were used to identify GC stem cell subtypes, and consensus clustering was performed by unsupervised machine learning methods. The cancer stem cell (CSC) typing-related risk scoring (RS) model was established through multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results Cross-platform dataset-based two stable GC stem cell subtypes, namely low stem cell enrichment (SCE_L) and high stem cell enrichment (SCE_H), were prudently identified. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the classical oncogenic pathways, immune-related pathways, and regulation of stem cell division were active in SCE_H; ferroptosis, NK cell activation, and post-mutation repair pathways were active in SCE_L. GC stem cell subtypes could accurately predict clinical outcomes in patients, tumor microenvironment cell-infiltration characteristics, somatic mutation landscape, and potential responses to immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy. Additionally, a CSC typing-related RS model was established; it was strongly independent and could accurately predict the patient’s overall survival. Conclusions This study demonstrated the complex oncogenic mechanisms underlying GC. The findings provide a basis and reference for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.