Highly sensitive SERS detection of residual nitrofurantoin and 1-amino-hydantoin in aquatic products and feeds

Nitrofurantoin (NFT), a typical highly effective nitrofuran antibiotic drug, has been prohibited but still widely found in animal food products. It can be metabolized in animals to form 1-amino-hydantoin (AHD) that can then form stable and toxic metabolite-protein adducts. Hence, the detection of NFT and AHD in aquatic products and feeds is very important. However, there are limited reports concerning NFT detection and none about AHD by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method. Herein, potassium bromide (KBr) decorated silver (Ag) nanoparticles (Ag-BrNPs)-based SERS approach was proposed for NFT and AHD detection. The limit of detection (LOD) for NFT was 1 mu g/L. The detection of NFT residues in sea cucumber and fish feeds was also realized with the LOD of 1 and 50 ng/g, respectively. More importantly, the sensing of AHD was easily realized with the SERS approach for the first time. After the derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA), Ag-BrNPs were also successfully utilized for AHD detection in sea cucumber with the LOD of 5 ng/g.