Emerging roles of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in human cancers.

As a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, SOCS3 is a cytokine-inducible protein that inhibits cytokine signaling in a variety of signaling pathways. Increasing evidence shows that SOCS3 regulates tumor development through multiple pathological and physiological processes. It is worth mentioning that SOCS3 negatively regulates JAK/STAT signaling by binding to JAK/cytokine receptors or phosphorylation docking sites on STAT receptors, thus preventing tumor cell proliferation and inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The kinase inhibitory region KIR of SOCS3 is the key to JAK inhibition. In addition, SOCS3 may also regulate tumor progression through other molecules or signaling pathways, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), IL-6 and NF-κB signaling pathway. MicroRNAs inhibit SOCS3 expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of SOCS3 mRNA, thus regulating tumor development processes, including tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. On the whole, SOCS3 acts as an inhibitor of the majority of tumors through various pathways. In the present review, the role of SOCS3 in multitudinous tumors was comprehensively summarized, the molecular mechanisms and modes of action of SOCS3 in tumors were discussed, and the association between SOCS3 expression and the clinical characteristics of patients with cancer were emphasized.