Tuned bipolar oscillating gradients for mapping frequency dispersion of diffusion kurtosis in the human brain

Purpose: Oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) sequences have demonstrated an ability to probe time-dependent microstructural features, though they often suffer from low SNR due to increased echo times. In this work we introduce frequency tuned bipolar (FTB) gradients as a variation of oscillating gradients with reduced echo time and demonstrate their utility by mapping the frequency dispersion of diffusion kurtosis in human subjects. Methods: An FTB oscillating gradient waveform is presented that provides encoding of 1.5 net oscillation periods thereby reducing the echo time of the acquisition. Simulations were performed to determine an optimal protocol based on SNR of kurtosis frequency dispersion - defined as the difference in kurtosis between pulsed and oscillating gradient acquisitions. Healthy human subjects were scanned at 7T using pulsed gradient and an optimized 23 Hz FTB protocol, which featured a maximum b-value of 2500 s/mm2. In addition, to directly compare existing methods, measurements using traditional cosine OGSE were also acquired. Results: FTB oscillating gradients demonstrated equivalent frequency dependent diffusion measurements compared to cosine modulated OGSE while enabling a significant reduction in echo time. Optimization and in vivo results suggest FTB gradients provide increased SNR of kurtosis dispersion maps compared to traditional cosine OGSE. The optimized FTB gradient protocol demonstrated consistent reductions in apparent kurtosis values and increased diffusivity in generated frequency dispersion maps. Conclusion: This work presents an alternative to traditional cosine OGSE sequences enabling more time efficient acquisitions of frequency dependent diffusion quantities as demonstrated through in vivo kurtosis frequency dispersion maps.