Stop or Go? Let me Know! A Field Study on Visual External Communication for Automated Shuttles

In mixed traffic environments, highly automated vehicles (HAV) can potentially be disruptive and a source of hazards due to their non-human driving behavior and a lack of "traditional" communication means (gestures, eye contact, and similar) to resolve issues or otherwise unclear situations. As a result, additional external human-machine interfaces (eHMI) for automated vehicles that replace the now absent human element in communication have been proposed. In this paper, we present the results from a study, in which two versions of a light band eHMI to communicate driving intend of an automated shuttle were evaluated in a real driving environment. We found that the green-red traffic light metaphor and simple animations could improve interaction success in certain aspects. We also found and discuss that the effect of using vs. not using the visual eHMIs was overall lower than expected and that the shuttle's position and observable driving behavior seemed to play a larger role than anticipated.