Performance of the D-Egg Optical Sensor for the IceCube Upgrade
R. Abbasi,M. Ackermann,J. Adams,J. A. Aguilar,M. Ahlers,M. Ahrens,C. Alispach,A. A. Alves,N. M. Amin,R. An,K. Andeen,T. Anderson,G. Anton,C. Arguelles,Y. Ashida,S. Axani,X. Bai,A. Balagopal,A. Barbano,S. W. Barwick,B. Bastian,V. Basu,S. Baur,R. Bay,J. J. Beatty,K. -H. Becker,J. Becker Tjus,C. Bellenghi,S. BenZvi,D. Berley,E. Bernardini,D. Z. Besson,G. Binder,D. Bindig,E. Blaufuss,S. Blot,M. Boddenberg,F. Bontempo,J. Borowka,S. Boser,O. Botner,J. Bottcher,E. Bourbeau,F. Bradascio,J. Braun,S. Bron,J. Brostean-Kaiser,S. Browne,A. Burgman,R. T. Burley,R. S. Busse,M. A. Campana,E. G. Carnie-Bronca,C. Chen,D. Chirkin,K. Choi,B. A. Clark,K. Clark,L. Classen,A. Coleman,G. H. Collin,J. M. Conrad,P. Coppin,P. Correa,D. F. Cowen,R. Cross,C. Dappen,P. Dave,C. De Clercq,J. J. DeLaunay,H. Dembinski,K. Deoskar,S. De Ridder,A. Desai,P. Desiati,K. D. de Vries,G. de Wasseige,M. de With,T. DeYoung,S. Dharani,A. Diaz,J. C. Diaz-Velez,M. Dittmer,H. Dujmovic,M. Dunkman,M. A. DuVernois,E. Dvorak,T. Ehrhardt,P. Eller,R. Engel,H. Erpenbeck,J. Evans,P. A. Evenson,K. L. Fan,A. R. Fazely,S. Fiedlschuster,A. T. Fienberg,K. Filimonov,C. Finley,L. Fischer,D. Fox,A. Franckowiak,E. Friedman,A. Fritz,P. Furst,T. K. Gaisser,J. Gallagher,E. Ganster,A. Garcia,S. Garrappa,L. Gerhardt,A. Ghadimi,C. Glaser,T. Glauch,T. Glusenkamp,A. Goldschmidt,J. G. Gonzalez,S. Goswami,D. Grant,T. Gregoire,S. Griswold,M. Gunduz,C. Gunther,C. Haack,A. Hallgren,R. Halliday,L. Halve,F. Halzen,M. Ha Minh,K. Hanson,J. Hardin,A. A. Harnisch,A. Haungs,S. Hauser,D. Hebecker,K. Helbing,F. Henningsen,E. C. Hettinger,S. Hickford,J. Hignight,C. Hill,G. C. Hill,K. D. Hoffman,R. Hoffmann,T. Hoinka,B. Hokanson-Fasig,K. Hoshina,F. Huang,M. Huber,T. Huber,K. Hultqvist,M. Hunnefeld,R. Hussain,S. In,N. Iovine,A. Ishihara,M. Jansson,G. S. Japaridze,M. Jeong,B. J. P. Jones,D. Kang,W. Kang,X. Kang,A. Kappes,D. Kappesser,T. Karg,M. Karl,A. Karle,U. Katz,M. Kauer,M. Kellermann,J. L. Kelley,A. Kheirandish,K. Kin,T. Kintscher,J. Kiryluk,S. R. Klein,R. Koirala,H. Kolanoski,T. Kontrimas,L. Kopke,C. Kopper,S. Kopper,D. J. Koskinen,P. Koundal,M. Kovacevich,M. Kowalski,T. Kozynets,E. Kun,N. Kurahashi,N. Lad,C. Lagunas Gualda,J. L. Lanfranchi,M. J. Larson,F. Lauber,J. P. Lazar,J. W. Lee,K. Leonard,A. Leszczynska,Y. Li,M. Lincetto,Q. R. Liu,M. Liubarska,E. Lohfink,C. J. Lozano Mariscal,L. Lu,F. Lucarelli,A. Ludwig,W. Luszczak,Y. Lyu,W. Y. Ma,J. Madsen,K. B. M. Mahn,Y. Makino,S. Mancina,I. C. Maris,R. Maruyama,K. Mase,T. McElroy,F. McNally,J. V. Mead,K. Meagher,A. Medina,M. Meier,S. Meighen-Berger,J. Micallef,D. Mockler,T. Montaruli,R. W. Moore,R. Morse,M. Moulai,R. Naab,R. Nagai,U. Naumann,J. Necker,L. V. Nguyen,H. Niederhausen,M. U. Nisa,S. C. Nowicki,D. R. Nygren,A. Obertacke Pollmann,M. Oehler,A. Olivas,E. O'Sullivan,H. Pandya,D. V. Pankova,N. Park,G. K. Parker,E. N. Paudel,L. Paul,C. Perez de los Heros,L. Peters,J. Peterson,S. Philippen,D. Pieloth,S. Pieper,M. Pittermann,A. Pizzuto,M. Plum,Y. Popovych,A. Porcelli,M. Prado Rodriguez,P. B. Price,B. Pries,G. T. Przybylski,C. Raab,A. Raissi,M. Rameez,K. Rawlins,I. C. Rea,A. Rehman,P. Reichherzer,R. Reimann,G. Renzi,E. Resconi,S. Reusch,W. Rhode,M. Richman,B. Riedel,E. J. Roberts,S. Robertson,G. Roellinghoff,M. Rongen,C. Rott,T. Ruhe,D. Ryckbosch,D. Rysewyk Cantu,I. Safa,J. Saffer,S. E. Sanchez Herrera,A. Sandrock,J. Sandroos,M. Santander,S. Sarkar,S. Sarkar,K. Satalecka,M. Scharf,M. Schaufel,H. Schieler,S. Schindler,P. Schlunder,T. Schmidt,A. Schneider,J. Schneider,F. G. Schroder,L. Schumacher,G. Schwefer,S. Sclafani,D. Seckel,S. Seunarine,A. Sharma,S. Shefali,M. Silva,B. Skrzypek,B. Smithers,R. Snihur,J. Soedingrekso,D. Soldin,C. Spannfellner,G. M. Spiczak,C. Spiering,J. Stachurska,M. Stamatikos,T. Stanev,R. Stein,J. Stettner,A. Steuer,T. Stezelberger,T. Sturwald,T. Stuttard,G. W. Sullivan,I. Taboada,F. Tenholt,S. Ter-Antonyan,S. Tilav,F. Tischbein,K. Tollefson,L. Tomankova,C. Tonnis,S. Toscano,D. Tosi,A. Trettin,M. Tselengidou,C. F. Tung,A. Turcati,R. Turcotte,C. F. Turley,J. P. Twagirayezu,B. Ty,M. A. Unland Elorrieta,N. Valtonen-Mattila,J. Vandenbroucke,N. van Eijndhoven,D. Vannerom,J. van Santen,S. Verpoest,M. Vraeghe,C. Walck,T. B. Watson,C. Weaver,P. Weigel,A. Weindl,M. J. Weiss,J. Weldert,C. Wendt,J. Werthebach,M. Weyrauch,N. Whitehorn,C. H. Wiebusch,D. R. Williams,M. Wolf,K. Woschnagg,G. Wrede,J. Wulff,X. W. Xu,Y. Xu,J. P. Yanez,S. Yoshida,S. Yu,T. Yuan,Z. Zhang
37TH INTERNATIONAL COSMIC RAY CONFERENCE, ICRC2021（2022）
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摘要
New optical sensors called the "D-Egg" have been developed for cost-effective instrumentation for the IceCube Upgrade. With two 8-inch high quantum efficient photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), they offer increased effective photocathode area while retaining as much of the successful IceCube Digital Optical Module design as possible. Mass production of D-Eggs has started in 2020. By the end of 2021, there will be 310 D-Eggs produced with 288 deployed in the IceCube Upgrade. The D-Egg readout system uses advanced technologies in electronics and computing power. Each of the two PMT signals is digitised using ultra-low-power 14-bit ADCs with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling seamless and lossless event recording from single-photon signals to signals exceeding 200 PE within 10 ns, as well as flexible event triggering. In this paper, we report the single photon detection performance as well as the multiple photon recording capability of D-Eggs from the mass production line which have been evaluated with the built-in data acquisition system.
