Long-term trend of heat waves and potential effects on phytoplankton blooms in Lake Qiandaohu, a key drinking water reservoir

Global warming is increasing the frequency and duration of heat waves, which is defined as when air temperature exceeds a threshold for more than specific consecutive days. Ecosystem around the globe will be impaired by heat waves just like the exposures to dangerously high temperatures as a public health threat to human. However, the knowledge of the response of lake and reservoir ecosystem to heat waves is largely unknown although it has been argued that climate warming may increase the incidence of harmful algal blooms. We examined the long-term trend of heat waves and how the variability of phytoplankton biomass responds to lake heat waves on a deep reservoir (Lake Qiandaohu). Long-term (1980–2020) meteorological observation in the lake watershed showed a significant warming trend of 0.36 °C per decade for the yearly average of daily average air temperature and the yearly average of daily maximum air temperature of 18.32 °C was observed in 2016. Meanwhile, a significant increasing number of heat wave events lasting longer was observed, and Lake Qiandaohu suffered an unusually severe lake heat wave in summer 2016. Significant correlations were found between the yearly average of daily maximum air temperature and heat days, heat wave events, and heat wave days. Nuisance phytoplankton bloom was found in Lake Qiandaohu by high frequency observation and remote sensing monitoring in summer 2016. Remote sensing estimation from two Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images showed that the average chlorophyll a (Chl a ) was 7.45 ± 4.89 μg/L on July 18 before heat wave and 18.96 ± 0.98 μg/L on August 19 during the heat wave. Two heat wave events lasting from July 20 to August 2 and August 11 to 26 with average surface water temperature of 29.93 and 31.99 °C promoted two marked phytoplankton blooms with average Chl a concentrations of 11.75 ± 4.08 and 10.53 ± 1.65 μg/L in the central lake region, respectively, as evidenced by high-frequency buoy data. These findings suggest that heat waves are likely to yield an increased threat of harmful algal bloom in freshwater ecosystems. With lake heat waves projected to increase in frequency, duration, and spatial extent with global climate change, more studies are needed to improve our understanding of lake heat waves and their potential effects on the species, communities, frequency of phytoplankton bloom, and also help providing advanced schemes of water quality management.