Precision tomography of a three-qubit donor quantum processor in silicon

Nuclear spins were among the first physical platforms to be considered for quantum information processing 1 , 2 , because of their exceptional quantum coherence 3 and atomic-scale footprint. However, their full potential for quantum computing has not yet been realized, owing to the lack of methods with which to link nuclear qubits within a scalable device combined with multi-qubit operations with sufficient fidelity to sustain fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here we demonstrate universal quantum logic operations using a pair of ion-implanted 31 P donor nuclei in a silicon nanoelectronic device. A nuclear two-qubit controlled- Z gate is obtained by imparting a geometric phase to a shared electron spin 4 , and used to prepare entangled Bell states with fidelities up to 94.2(2.7)%. The quantum operations are precisely characterized using gate set tomography (GST) 5 , yielding one-qubit average gate fidelities up to 99.95(2)%, two-qubit average gate fidelity of 99.37(11)% and two-qubit preparation/measurement fidelities of 98.95(4)%. These three metrics indicate that nuclear spins in silicon are approaching the performance demanded in fault-tolerant quantum processors 6 . We then demonstrate entanglement between the two nuclei and the shared electron by producing a Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger three-qubit state with 92.5(1.0)% fidelity. Because electron spin qubits in semiconductors can be further coupled to other electrons 7 – 9 or physically shuttled across different locations 10 , 11 , these results establish a viable route for scalable quantum information processing using donor nuclear and electron spins.