How weather events modify aerosol particle size distributions in the Amazon boundary layer

This study evaluates the effect of weather events on the aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO). This research combines in situ measurements of PSD and remote sensing data of lightning density, brightness temperature, cloud top height, cloud liquid water, and rain rate and vertical velocity. Measurements were obtained by scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPSs), the new generation of GOES satellites (GOES-16), the SIPAM S-band radar and the LAP 3000 radar wind profiler recently installed at the ATTO-Campina site. The combined data allow exploring changes in PSD due to different meteorological processes. The average diurnal cycle shows a higher abundance of ultrafine particles (N-UFP) in the early morning, which is coupled with relatively lower concentrations in Aitken (N-AIT) and accumulation (N-ACC) mode particles. From the early morning to the middle of the afternoon, an inverse behavior is observed, where N-UFP decreases and N-AIT and N-ACC increase, reflecting a typical particle growth process. Composite figures show an increase of N-UFP before, during and after lightning was detected by the satellite above ATTO. These findings strongly indicate a close relationship between vertical transport and deep convective clouds. Lightning density is connected to a large increase in N-UFP, beginning approximately 100 min before the maximum lightning density and reaching peak values around 200 min later. In addition, the removal of N-ACC by convective transport was found. Both the increase in N-UFP and the decrease in N-ACC appear in parallel with the increasing intensity of lightning activity. The N-UFP increases exponentially with the thunderstorm intensity. In contrast, N-AIT and N-ACC show a different behavior, decreasing from approximately 100 min before the maximum lightning activity and reaching a minimum at the time of maximum lightning activity. The effect of cloud top height, cloud liquid water and rain rate shows the same behavior, but with different patterns between seasons. The convective processes do not occur continually but are probably modulated by gravity waves in the range of 1 to 5 h, creating a complex mechanism of interaction with a succession of updrafts and downdrafts, clouds, and clear-sky situations. The radar wind profiler measured the vertical distribution of the vertical velocity. These profiles show that downdrafts are mainly located below 10 km, while aircraft observations during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign had shown maximum concentrations of ultrafine particles mainly above 10 km. Our study opens new scientific questions to be evaluated in order to understand the intricate physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the production of new particles in Amazonia.