Potential Anti-leishmanial Activity of a Semi-purified Fraction Isolated from the Leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus

Purpose In the present perspective, emergence of resistant strains of Leishmania donovani and severe side effects resulting from the use of conventional anti-leishmanial therapies present an urgent need for developing novel agents against this parasite. We have explored the effectiveness of secondary plant metabolites as alternative choices in the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (vl). Methods The plant Parthenium hysterophorus L . (Asteraceae) was collected from the West Bengal State University Campus, Barasat, West Bengal, India. The leaves of this plant were extracted by different solvents, such as ethyl acetate, water, petroleum ether and hexane. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was also carried out for the identification of compounds in the hexane soluble fraction (PHFd) with substantial anti-leishmanial activities. The antipromastigote activity and cytotoxicity of this fraction were evaluated by the tetrazolium MTT assay. Other biochemical and physiological parameters were studied by microscopic observation and flow cytometric analyses. Results PHFd showed considerable activity against L. donovani promastigotes (IC 50 : 20 µg/ml). The PHFd also inhibited in vitro growth of L. major LV39 promastigotes dose dependently with an IC 50 of 40 µg/ml. The GC–MS studies of this particular fraction revealed the presence of four major compounds with different retention times (RT) of 26.08, 33.11, 36.41, and 41.20 min. In this study, we also established that PHFd could induce DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis of L. donovani promastigotes with a concomitant increase in generations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. This fraction was also found to be effective in nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of intracellular amastigotes (IC 50 :12.5 µg/ml) without any noticeable cytotoxicity towards murine splenocytes in vitro . Conclusion This study provides the basis for additional phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the antiprotozoal applications of P. hysterophorus .