Overview on urinary tract infection, bacterial agents, and antibiotic resistance pattern in renal transplant recipients

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a mainly common infection in kidney transplant recipients. This study decided to investigate UTI, bacterial agents, and antibiotic resistance pattern in kidney transplant recipients from Iran. Materials and Methods: Search process was conducted for UTI, bacterial agents, and antibiotic resistance pattern in kidney transplant recipients from Iran via electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, etc.,) with Mesh terms in either Persian and English languages without limited time to May 31, 2020. Data were analyzed by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: The combined prevalence of UTI in renal transplant recipients was reported by 31.1%. The combined prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria was 69%. The most common pathogens among Gram negatives were E. coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with frequency 43.4% and 13%, respectively. Subgroup analysis for Gram-positive bacteria showed the combined prevalence of 31%. The most common microorganism among Gram positives belonged to coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Enterococci with a prevalence of 10.2% and 9%, respectively. Subgroup meta-analysis of antibiotic resistance for Gram-negative showed the most resistance to cephalexin followed by carbenicillin with a prevalence of 89.1% and 87.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Our review showed a noticeable rate of UTI (31.1%) among renal transplant recipients in Iran and a high prevalence of Gram-negative (69%) and Gram-positive (13%) microorganisms. A high resistance rate was seen against almost all antibiotics used for the treatment of UTI. Therefore, empirical prescription of antibiotics should be avoided, and it should be based on data obtained from antibiogram tests.