The effects of plume episodes on PAC profiles in the athabasca oil sands region

Summer intensive air measurements of alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds (Alk-PACs), nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) was conducted during the summer of 2013 at an air monitoring site near the community of Fort McKay in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR). This study uses the ambient air measurements in conjunction with supplementary meteorological and air quality data from coordinated ground- and aircraft-based sampling over the same period to characterize diurnal variations and changes in the organic air pollutant profiles associated with the plume episodes. Principal component analysis showed a distinct PAC profile during plume episodes, driven mainly by higher fluorenone (FLO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ANQ) concentrations. During the plume episodes (August 23-24), means of NPAHs and OPAHs concentrations were 120 and 2020 pg/m3, respectively, which were 2.7 and 2.5 times higher than those measured on the other days, while Alk-PACs did not reach maxima. The relative constancy of Alk-PACs during the plume episodes and baseline air quality periods likely reflects a continuous and broad emission of Alk-PACs from the oil sands mining activities. Only four OPAHs, including FLO, ANQ, benzo(a)fluorenone, and benzanthrone, exhibited higher average daytime than nighttime concentrations (p-value < 0.05). Categorizing air samples into clean and polluted conditions demonstrated that the polluted condition air samples were characterized by higher percent composition of alkylated fluorenes, FLO, MANQ, and photochemically-derived 1M4NN. A comparison of PAC profiles in air samples and oil sand ore samples suggests that the NPAHs were likely influenced by atmospheric formation while the OPAHs were impacted by a combination of primary sources and atmospheric formation. The strong correlations found between a number of NPAHs and OPAHs, and PM2.5 and NOx in this study could support the modelling of ambient air burdens of these compounds across the region.