Is Smoking A Risk Factor For Second Primary Lung Cancer

Background: Lung cancer (LC) survivors in the U.S. are increasing in number, with 5-year survival rates improving by 26% over the past decade. Although LC survivors are at high risk of developing a second primary lung cancer (SPLC), risk factors for SPLC have not been established and the impact of tobacco smoking remains controversial. In this study, we examined risk factors for SPLC among participants in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study, validated our findings with two epidemiologic cohorts–the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–and evaluated the impact of smoking cessation on SPLC risk. Methods: We analyzed data from 7,299 initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) cases in MEC who were diagnosed from 1993-2017. Incident IPLC and SPLC were identified via linkage to SEER registries, with SPLC defined by Martini and Melamed criteria. Baseline smoking data were obtained at the time of enrollment (1993-1996) and updated with 10-year follow-up data close to IPLC diagnosis, if available. Fine-Gray regression was used to take into account competing risks and to evaluate the associations between risk factors and SPLC, adjusting for age at IPLC diagnosis and IPLC histology and stage. We conducted validation studies with PLCO (N=3,423 LC patients) and EPIC (N=4,605 LC patients) and evaluated the combined effects of risk factors from all three cohorts using meta-analysis. Results: Among 7,299 MEC participants with IPLC, 167 (2.3%) developed a SPLC. Fine-Gray regression analyses identified several factors that were significantly associated with SPLC risk (P Conclusions: Smoking is a risk factor for SPLC among LC patients and the USPSTF criteria can potentially aid in identifying those at high risk of SPLC. Smoking cessation may reduce SPLC risk after IPLC diagnosis. Further analysis is required to stratify SPLC risk based on comprehensive risk factors and identify LC survivors at high risk of SPLC for CT screening. Citation Format: Jacqueline V. Aredo, Sophia J. Luo, Rebecca Gardner, Thomas P. Hickey, Thomas L. Riley, Lynne R. Wilkens, Loic Le Marchand, Christopher I. Amos, Rayjean J. Hung, Mattias Johansson, Iona Cheng, Heather A. Wakelee, Summer S. Han. Is smoking a risk factor for second primary lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2298.