Potential inter-guild interactions to enhance biological control of Bactericera cockerelli on tomatoes: a laboratory and cage study

The tomato–potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli , is a serious pest of solanaceous crops. Some populations are becoming pesticide-resistant, increasing the need for alternatives such as biological control (BC). This approach may be improved by combining different species of BC agents. We conducted three separate experiments to test four BC agents, either alone or combined with others: (1) A laboratory assay to test the effect of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) and alyssum ( Lobularia maritima ) flowers on the longevity of females of the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae ; (2) A no-choice laboratory assay to investigate the consumption of B. cockerelli life stages by the predatory bug Engytatus nicotianae ; (3) A cage experiment in a greenhouse to assess four natural enemy species against B. cockerelli on tomatoes: these were the predators Cleobora mellyi , Amblydromalus limonicus , E. nicotianae , and T. triozae. Access to buckwheat flowers allowed female T. triozae to live for an average of 10.9 days compared to 2.1 days with alyssum and 1.4 day with water but did not improve the BC of B. cockerelli . Adult E. nicotianae preyed on all offered B. cockerelli stages. In experiment 3, combinations of T. triozae with A. limonicus or E. nicotianae were not significantly better than single natural enemy species, except for the reduction of nymphal populations when A. limonicus and T. triozae were combined. Although there were few significant reductions in numbers of TPP when using natural enemy species combinations, some species showed good potential when used alone. We suggest testing earlier release of combinations of natural enemy for evaluate its impact on TPP.