The Fram Robotic Telescope For Atmospheric Monitoring At The Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration,A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta,J. M. Albury,I. Allekotte,A. Almela,J. Alvarez-Muñiz,R. Alves Batista,G. A. Anastasi,L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa,C. Aramo, P. R. Araújo Ferreira,J. C. Arteaga Velázquez,H. Asorey,P. Assis, G. Avila,A. M. Badescu,A. Bakalova, A. Balaceanu,F. Barbato,R. J. Barreira Luz, K. H. Becker,J. A. Bellido, C. Berat, M. E. Bertaina, X. Bertou,P. L. Biermann,T. Bister,J. Biteau, J. Blazek,C. Bleve,M. Boháčová, D. Boncioli,C. Bonifazi,L. Bonneau Arbeletche,N. Borodai,A. M. Botti, J. Brack,T. Bretz,P. G. Brichetto Orchera,F. L. Briechle,P. Buchholz,A. Bueno,S. Buitink,M. Buscemi,K. S. Caballero-Mora,L. Caccianiga, F. Canfora,I. Caracas,J. M. Carceller,R. Caruso,A. Castellina,F. Catalani,G. Cataldi,L. Cazon,M. Cerda,J. A. Chinellato,K. Choi,J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay,A. C. Cobos Cerutti,R. Colalillo,A. Coleman,M. R. Coluccia,R. Conceição, A. Condorelli,G. Consolati, F. Contreras,F. Convenga,D. Correia dos Santos,C. E. Covault,S. Dasso, K. Daumiller,B. R. Dawson,J. A. Day,R. M. de Almeida,J. de Jesús,S. J. de Jong,G. De Mauro,J. R. T. de Mello Neto,I. De Mitri,J. de Oliveira,D. de Oliveira Franco,F. de Palma,V. de Souza,E. De Vito,M. del Río,O. Deligny,A. Di Matteo,C. Dobrigkeit,J. C. D'Olivo,R. C. dos Anjos,M. T. Dova, J. Ebr,R. Engel,I. Epicoco,M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen,H. Falcke,J. Farmer,G. Farrar,A. C. Fauth,N. Fazzini,F. Feldbusch, F. Fenu,B. Fick,J. M. Figueira, A. Filipčič, T. Fodran, M. M. Freire,T. Fujii,A. Fuster, C. Galea, C. Galelli,B. García,A. L. Garcia Vegas, H. Gemmeke, F. Gesualdi,A. Gherghel-Lascu,P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari,M. Giammarchi, M. Giller,J. Glombitza,F. Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup,M. Gómez Berisso,P. F. Gómez Vitale,J. P. Gongora,J. M. González,N. González, I. Goos,D. Góra,A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik,T. D. Grubb,F. Guarino,G. P. Guedes,E. Guido,S. Hahn, P. Hamal,M. R. Hampel,P. Hansen, D. Harari,V. M. Harvey,A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, D. Heck,G. C. Hill, C. Hojvat,J. R. Hörandel,P. Horvath, M. Hrabovský,T. Huege,J. Hulsman,A. Insolia,P. G. Isar,P. Janecek,J. A. Johnsen,J. Jurysek, A. Kääpä, K. H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer,J. Kemp,H. O. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller,M. Köpke,N. Kunka,B. L. Lago, R. G. Lang, N. Langner,M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, V. Lenok, A. Letessier-Selvon,I. Lhenry-Yvon,D. Lo Presti,L. Lopes,R. López,L. Lu, Q. Luce,A. Lucero,J. P. Lundquist,A. Machado Payeras, G. Mancarella,D. Mandat,B. C. Manning, J. Manshanden,P. Mantsch, S. Marafico,A. G. Mariazzi,I. C. Mariş,G. Marsella,D. Martello,H. Martinez,O. Martínez Bravo, M. Mastrodicasa,H. J. Mathes,J. Matthews, G. Matthiae,E. Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco, D. Melo, A. Menshikov,K. -D. Merenda,S. Michal,M. I. Micheletti,L. Miramonti,S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, C. Morello,M. Mostafá, A. L. Müller, M. A. Muller,K. Mulrey,R. Mussa, M. Muzio,W. M. Namasaka, A. Nasr-Esfahani, L. Nellen, M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu,M. Niechciol,D. Nitz,D. Nosek,V. Novotny,L. Nožka,A Nucita,L. A. Núñez, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, P. Papenbreer, G. Parente,A. Parra, M. Pech,F. Pedreira,J. Pękala,R. Pelayo,J. Peña-Rodriguez,E. E. Pereira Martins,J. Perez Armand,C. Pérez Bertolli, M. Perlin,L. Perrone,S. Petrera, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta,V. Pirronello, M. Platino, B. Pont, M. Pothast,P. Privitera, M. Prouza,A. Puyleart,S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, M. Reininghaus,J. Ridky, F. Riehn,M. Risse,V. Rizi,W. Rodrigues de Carvalho,J. Rodriguez Rojo,M. J. Roncoroni,M. Roth,E. Roulet,A. C. Rovero, P. Ruehl,S. J. Saffi, A. Saftoiu,F. Salamida, H. Salazar,G. Salina,J. D. Sanabria Gomez,F. Sánchez,E. M. Santos,E. Santos,F. Sarazin,R. Sarmento,C. Sarmiento-Cano,R. Sato,P. Savina, C. M. Schäfer, V. Scherini,H. Schieler, M. Schimassek, M. Schimp,F. Schlüter,D. Schmidt,O. Scholten, P. Schovánek,F. G. Schröder,S. Schröder,J. Schulte,S. J. Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, A. Segreto,S. Sehgal,R. C. Shellard,G. Sigl, G. Silli,O. Sima, R. Šmída, P. Sommers,J. F. Soriano, J. Souchard, R. Squartini,M. Stadelmaier, D. Stanca,S. Stanič, J. Stasielak, P. Stassi, A. Streich,M. Suárez-Durán, T. Sudholz, T. Suomijärvi,A. D. Supanitsky, J. Šupík,Z. Szadkowski,A. Taboada,A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans,O. Tkachenko, P. Tobiska,C. J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé,A. Travaini, P. Travnicek, C. Trimarelli, M. Trini,M. Tueros,R. Ulrich,M. Unger,L. Vaclavek, M. Vacula,J. F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore,E. Varela, V. Varma K. C.,A. Vásquez-Ramírez,D. Veberič,C. Ventura,I. D. Vergara Quispe, V. Verzi, J. Vicha,J. Vink, S. Vorobiov,H. Wahlberg,C. Watanabe,A. A. Watson, M. Weber,A. Weindl,L. Wiencke,H. Wilczyński,T. Winchen,M. Wirtz, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler,A. Yushkov, O. Zapparrata, E. Zas,D. Zavrtanik,M. Zavrtanik, L. Zehrer, A. Zepeda, R. Cunniffe, J. Eliášek,I. Ebrová,M. Jelínek,S. Karpov,P. Kubánek,M. Mašek

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION（2021）

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摘要

FRAM (F/Photometric Robotic Atmospheric Monitor) is a robotic telescope operated at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina for the purposes of atmospheric monitoring using stellar photometry. As a passive system which does not produce any light that could interfere with the observations of the fluorescence telescopes of the observatory, it complements the active monitoring systems that use lasers. We discuss the applications of stellar photometry for atmospheric monitoring at optical observatories in general and the particular modes of operation employed by the Auger FRAM. We describe in detail the technical aspects of FRAM, the hardware and software requirements for a successful operation of a robotic telescope for such a purpose and their implementation within the FRAM system.

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Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Optics, Photon detec-tors for UV, visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes, APDs, Si-PMTs, G-APDs, CCDs, EBCCDs, EMCCDs, CMOS imagers, etc), Real-time monitoring

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